Features Government Affairs
The looming shipwreck of the golf industry

“Golf courses are often also as unnaturally pumped–up as a steroid–addled East German shot putter.” — The official position of the U.S. Sierra Club in 2007.

In spite of its exception status in Ontario and Quebec, we will nevertheless repeat our warning to the golf industry. It should not feel too smug about its exception from either the Ontario or the Quebec prohibitions. Government conditions will be attached to this exception. These conditions will soon grow exponentially and become unreasonable. The exception status will very likely be withdrawn within three to five years. The only long-term hope for the golf industry is a strong coalition with the rest of the green space industry that utterly opposes the Ontario Cosmetic Pesticides Ban Act.

The golf industry is vulnerable to attack from several fronts.
Regardless of its exception status, the golf industry faces some huge
challenges because of its high degree of vulnerability in several
public affairs issues. Our extensive review of these issues has led us
to conclude that, in order to successfully deter the malicious efforts
of the environmental movement, the golf industry must immediately
address the following 15 critical issues:

• The golf industry must cease focusing on the ineffectual IPM as the solution to its public affairs problems.
• The golf industry must clearly provide scientific facts that explain why its chemicals are definitely minimum risk.
• The golf industry must denounce the green alternatives to pest
control, the so-called biological/natural/organic methods, as almost
ineffective and non-existent.
• The golf industry must develop a fully transparent and
publicly-accessible database for right-to-know information concerning
its chemicals.
• The golf industry must directly and actively support litigation
launched against the Ontario prohibition of pest control products, and
cease being a mere casual observer.
• The golf industry must embark on a massive public relations campaign
to stop the proposed scheme by environmental groups and the National
Democratic Party of Canada for a national prohibition of pest control
products.
• The golf industry must explain why some of its chemicals are
prohibited by other nations, but not in Canada, and cease the “Wag The
Dog” policies on irrelevant issues such as saving quintozene.
• The golf industry must review and justify its current and extensive array of chemicals.
• The golf industry must plan for the inevitable loss of its exception status in Ontario and Quebec in three to five years.
• The golf industry must provide the public with scientific information
supporting the idea that its innovative management practices may reduce
the use of pest control products.
• The golf industry must publish golf maintenance protocols and the performance standards expected by its playing customers.
• The golf industry must scientifically define and publically discredit
the misleading term “organic golf course,” and establish policies for
expelling clubs using this term from its trade associations.
• The golf industry must strongly address and discredit the
misconceptions concerning imidacloprid, chlorothalonil, 2,4-D, and
other chemicals.
• The golf industry must terminate all relationships with environmental
groups like Canadian Cancer Society, World Wildlife Fund, and others,
and suspend all related charitable tournaments that provide financial
donations and support to these groups.
• The golf industry must openly and financially support all political candidates that oppose any prohibition legislation.

In this article, we will address public affairs issues numbers 5 and 7.

The golf industry is effective in public affairs…sometimes???

The golf industry has often proven to be remarkably effective in
matters relating to public affairs. The industry boasted having strong
and impressive public affairs leaders, such as those listed below. We
thank them and many others for their hard work:
• Jarrod Barakett. Ontario Golf Superintendents Association (OGSA).
• Bob Burrows. Canadian Golf Superintendents Association (CGSA).
• Teri Yamada. Royal Canadian Golf Association (RCGA).

One of the principal reasons why the golf industry was provided with an
exception status from the Ontario Cosmetic Pesticides Ban Act is
because of OGSA, which organized an impeccable public affairs effort.
Golf course employees, owners, and golfers provided comments or signed
petitions in support of an exception. They submitted a total of 1,316
signatures. It worked! 

Unfortunately, every once in a while, someone from the golf industry
makes some lamentably bad statements. For example, James T. Snow, who
is national director of United States Golf Association Green Section
(USGA). Snow has made comments that do not help the image of the golf
industry. He has made the golf industry look like a bunch of medieval
spray jockeys that have been bent on polluting our planet with heavy
metals and other poisons. Snow is also wrong about the history of the
golf industry. Take a look at what he issued as a statement in the
magazine Golf Digest in May 2008. The underlined comments (in brackets)
are our own, as always, from an independent perspective:

“Oh my gosh, back in the ’20s they literally cured dollar spot.
(Untrue!) They eliminated dollar spot from golf courses. (Untrue!) But
they used mercury, cadmium and lead arsenic to do it. (Mostly untrue!)
How do you like that? All you had to do back in the 1960s was put
chlordane on the greens and you wouldn’t have an insect problem for 25
years. (Untrue!)

Public affairs issue number 5

The golf industry must directly and actively support litigation
launched against the Ontario pesticide prohibition, and cease being a
mere casual observer. Why? Because the pressure exerted on the
Government of Ontario by the environmental movement to rescind this
exception is enormous. Because the Government of Ontario itself is
fully infested by the environmental movement. Because the current
Premier of the Government of Ontario is both tainted as an
environmentalist and a biologist. Consequently, we predict that the
exception status now enjoyed by the golf industry will be lost within
three to five years. In anticipation of this looming shipwreck, it is
now time for the golf industry to support the legal challenge mounted
by the professional lawn care industry.

Suzuki has set the tone against the golf industry

Within mere hours of the adoption of the Ontario Cosmetic Pesticides
Ban Act, on June 18, 2008, David Takayoshi Suzuki set the tone for the
next stage of environmental terrorism, this time against the golf
industry.

According to Suzuki, the golf industry should not be entitled to
exceptions. The following is an excerpt from the website of the
troublesome David Suzuki Foundation. (The italicized emphasis of some
words is our own.):

“On June 18, 2008, lawmakers in Ontario passed the Cosmetic Pesticides
Ban Act, which prohibits the sale and use of pesticides on lawns and
gardens throughout Canada’s largest province. This is a major step
towards reducing pesticide use, because not allowing pesticides on
store shelves is simply the best way to make sure that they’re not
used. If you are one of the thousands of Ontario residents who
contacted the government in support of a sales ban, THANK YOU! You are
a part of this important victory. But this good news has some rough
edges. (…) (The new law) allows golf courses to continue using
pesticides and gives power to the Ontario minister of the environment
to allow other exceptions, a potentially dangerous loophole.”

What danger is this man talking about? All of a sudden, Suzuki has
become an expert on golf course maintenance and pest control products?
Not! Suzuki’s posturing and position is nothing new. He has been taking
a strong position against the golf industry since 2004. Here are two
examples. The first example is from Suzuki himself in 2004:

“Cosmetic pesticides are bad news, says broadcaster and scientist Dr.
David Suzuki. ‘Pesticides are everywhere today, and many of them
contain ingredients known or suspected of causing cancer. We shouldn’t
be putting our health in danger because we like to garden or play
golf.’”

On Oct. 15, 2008, David Suzuki Foundation expressed the following
comments on the options under consideration for managing lawn care and
landscape pesticide use in the Province of New Brunswick:

“If provincial prohibitions exempt golf courses, as proposed in the
discussion paper, municipalities need clear authority to restrict
pesticide use on golf courses within their boundaries to better protect
public health and the environment.”

No golf industry exception

Suzuki is not alone. Let’s remember that Suzuki is considered as a
leader of the environmental movement in Canada. He is essentially “The
Puppet Master” of the environmental movement. Predictably, some of the
leading fear-mongering organizations within the environmental movement
are also complaining about the golf industry loophole.

The nine following organizations, including Suzuki, have publicly
stated, and in one form or another, that they do not want any
prohibition exceptions for the golf industry. They want the loophole
closed:
• Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment (CAPE)
• Canadian Cancer Society (CCS)
• Canadian Environmental Law Association (CELA)
• David Suzuki Foundation
• Green Party of Ontario
• New Democratic Party of Ontario (NDP)
• Pesticide Free Ontario (PFO)
• Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario (RNAO)
• Sierra Club of Canada

The golf industry loophole

The next six paragraphs are excerpts from a “fact sheet” from the
Ontario Ministry of the Environment issued on March 4, 2009. (The
italicized emphasis is our own.):

“What the golf course owners/operators need to know. The ban contains
exceptions for public health and safety (including the protection of
public works structures), golf courses, specialty turf, specified
sports fields, arboriculture and to protect natural resources, if
certain conditions are met. There are also exceptions for agriculture,
forestry, research and scientific purposes, and uses of pesticides for
structural exterminations (e.g., in and around homes to control
insects) and uses of pesticides required by other legislation.”

“Definition. Golf courses are defined as the areas used or intended to
be used as playing surfaces including tees, fairways, greens and rough.
Mini-golf or mini-putt courses are not considered golf courses.”

“Exception for golf courses. Golf courses require high performance
standards for their playing surfaces and have to use some pesticides to
achieve those standards. They will be able to use pesticides only on
the actual playing surfaces and not on lawns, gardens, patios and other
outdoor areas associated with the course. Biopesticides and lower risk
pesticides can be used to manage weeds, insects and plant diseases on
lawns and gardens and to maintain the health of trees.”

“IPM accreditation. In order to continue using pesticides in their
maintenance operations, golf courses must be fully accredited in
integrated pest management (IPM) within two years of the golf course
being registered by an approved IPM accreditation body. IPM
accreditation requires training of groundskeeping staff, maintaining
detailed records of pesticide use, employing alternative methods of
controlling pests prior to pesticide use, and participating in an
annual audit process. There is also an annual administrative fee
associated with maintaining accreditation.”

“Annual report. Owner/operators will be required to prepare an annual
report disclosing the locations and amounts of pesticides used on the
golf course. This report must be made public on a website and a copy
must be provided to the public on request. The report must contain the
following information: • the name and quantity of each active pesticide
ingredient used. • an explanation of any differences between the
information regarding this year’s pesticide use and the information
provided in the previous annual report. • a map or plan of the golf
course showing all application areas. • once the golf course is fully
accredited, it must provide an explanation of how maintaining
accreditation by the IPM body minimized the use of the pesticide
ingredients on the golf course and how it will minimize the use during
the next year. • the name, contact information, registration number and
signature of the golf course’s IPM agent. • confirmation by the owner
or a representative of the owner of the golf course that the report is
complete. • any other information that is asked for by a Ministry of
the Environment director.”

“Public meetings. The owner or operator of a golf course or his or her
representative must attend and present the report at a public meeting
held before Dec. 1 in each calendar year.”

The official reason for the golf industry exception status

The Government of Ontario believes that the maintenance standards used
by the golf industry require that it be given an exception status. On
the matter of maintenance standards, the Government of Ontario issued
the following statement in June 2008:

“The MOE (Ontario Ministry of the Environment) recognizes that golf
courses require high performance standards for the playing surfaces and
require some pesticide use to achieve such standards. The exception to
the prohibition on the use of prescribed pesticides on golf courses is
conditional upon complying with certain requirements. Prescribed
conditions will be considered in the development of the regulations
required to make the prohibition operable.”

Politicians who disagree with the golf industry exception

In September 2008, the Ontario New Democratic Party (NDP) expressed its
dissatisfaction with the golf exception. The following is a statement
from Peter Tabuns, the NDP environment critic:

“Spraying of pesticides on golf courses is dangerous to golf course
workers and players alike—and it is simply unnecessary. The vast
majority of Ontarians want the government to do the right thing and
close the loophole in the Cosmetic Pesticides Ban Act which allows the
continued application of pesticides to golf course greens.”
Tim Hudak is a Member of Provincial Parliament for Niagara
West-Glanbrook in the Province of Ontario. In 2008, Hudak made the
following statement:

“If you take a closer look at the government’s proposed legislation, it
is clear that it is more about scoring political points rather than
truly improving Ontario’s environment. For starters, the so-called ban
exempts pesticide use in agriculture, golf courses, managed forests and
other areas that the Minister deems appropriate. In reality, the
exemptions make up more than 90 per cent of total pesticide use in
Ontario.”

How to avoid losing the golf industry exception status

The success of a legal challenge against the Ontario Cosmetic
Pesticides Ban Act rests in the hands of Jeffrey Lowes and M–REP
Communications. This organization currently represents lawn and tree
care companies in Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British
Columbia. This has made M-REP one of the largest organizations in
Canada as the voice of the lawn and tree care industries in government
circles. We encourage the golf industry to contact Lowes, and give him
its financial support. The golf industry must directly and actively
support litigation launched against the Ontario pesticide prohibition
before the looming shipwreck of its lost exception status.

Public affairs issue number 7

The golf industry must explain why some golf chemicals are prohibited
by other nations, but not in Canada, and cease its policies of “Wag the
Dog” on irrelevant issues such as saving quintozene. Why? Because
critics will point out that that if certain chemicals can be prohibited
elsewhere, then why not in Canada? Because defending products such as
quintozene is a waste of time, and doing so actually damages the
political credibility of the golf industry. The  looming shipwreck of
the golf industry is fast approaching, and it is time for the golf
industry to address this critical public affairs issue.

Chemicals prohibited in other nations

On April 26, 2008, as part of a coalition to prohibit pest control
products in Ontario, the David Suzuki Foundation and its allies
released the following statement…

“At least 50 pesticide active ingredients registered for use in Canada
have been prohibited in other OECD (Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development) countries.”

Of the 50 mentioned by Suzuki, five are specifically used by the golf
industry. The following ingredients are reportedly prohibited in other
“more advanced” countries:
• chlorothalonil (Daconil)
• iprodione (Rovral)
• quintozene (PCNB)
• thiophanate-methyl (Senator)
• 2,4-D

2,4-D prohibited by four other nations

Herbicide 2,4-D is not approved for lawns and gardens in Denmark,
Kuwait, Norway, and Sweden. Its use is severely restricted in Belize,
but it is approved in the European Union (EU), of which both Sweden and
Denmark are members. The situation concerning 2,4-D will be addressed
as Issue Number 13. (To be published at a later date.)

Chlorothalonil (Daconil) prohibited by one single nation

Chlorothalonil has been prohibited, or is no longer registered, in
Sweden as of 1991; however, the European Union (EU) has approved its
use in 2006. Sweden is a member of the EU. In North America, one of the
major issues concerning chlorothalonil is the death of Lt. George
Prior. The situation concerning chlorothalonil will be addressed as
Issue Number 13. (To be published at a later date.)

Iprodione (Rovral) prohibited by one single nation

Iprodione has been prohibited in Denmark since 1998, but approved by
the European Union (EU) since 2003. Denmark is a member of the EU.

Thiophanate–methyl (Senator) prohibited by one single nation

It has been prohibited in Denmark (1990). This ingredient is no longer a major part of fungicide programs in the golf industry.

Quintozene (PCNB) prohibited by other nations

Quintozene has been voluntarily withdrawn in Austria (1988) and Finland
(1996), and prohibited in Germany (1988) and the European Union (2000).
It may soon be withdrawn from the Canadian market. Quintozene has been
very recently withdrawn from the United States’ market.

Quintozene is a fungicide that is also known as PCNB. This active
ingredient has been used in the golf industry in very affordable
products like Terraclor and FF II. It is classified as a Group 14
fungicide, an organochlorine, and controls diseases like the snow
molds, which are located in the thatch and soil, as well as on the
foliage. Quintozene is a product that was brought to market 50 years
ago, in the mid-20th century. The first Canadian registration date for
“Quintozene 75 Per Cent Wettable Powder Fungicide” was 1959.

Best results are obtained when quintozene is used in a preventive
application program. It is sometimes recommended that quintozene be
watered lightly as a soil drench to wash the chemical down into the
soil.

The effects of climate on quintozene

The effect of rain and melting snow severely affects the performance of
quintozene. A single application of this, or any other fungicide
product, will not always provide a sufficient level of control of the
snow mold diseases of turf.
In Eastern Canada, fungicide applications may need to be repeated
several times for the control of snow mold, in at least four distinct
periods of time:
• During winter, after a mid-winter thaw.
• Early in the spring, immediately after snow melt.
• Early winter, just prior to the first permanent snowfall.
• Late in the fall, during periods of high rainfall.

The problems associated with quintozene

Turf managers have claimed to have experienced several problems when
using quintozene, especially when maximum rates are used. Here are some
examples:
• Chemical root pruning of desirable grasses, especially after continuous and repeated use for several years.
• Death of turfgrasses in areas of application overlap.
• Increased injury from specific diseases, such as take-all.
• Phyto-toxic tip burn of turfgrass leaves.
• Sensitivity to rain and melting snow, leading to a poor duration of
control and the need for an increased frequency of application.

The duration of fungicide control will be reduced when humid conditions
are caused by unceasing rain and melting snow, or when turf leaves do
not stop growing. In both situations, the amount of fungicide remaining
on the foliage may be insufficient to provide adequate control against
the snow mold diseases.

The amount of fungicide applied late in the fall, just prior to the
first permanent snow fall, must persist until snow melt, and preferably
until early spring. Some fungicides will persist longer than others.
For example, more conventional 21st century fungicides, like iprodione
(Rovral Green) and especially Instrata, will tend to remain longer on
the leaves than older chemicals like quintozene.

In general, practical field experience has indicated that iprodione,
and many other modern ingredients, have a low sensitivity to rain or
melting snow, tolerating up to five inches of accumulated rain. On the
other hand, quintozene may have a higher sensitivity to rain or melting
snow, tolerating no more than three inches of accumulated rain.
Some turf managers claim that quintozene provides a major advantage
over other more conventional fungicides, since its mode of action is
multi-site. In comparison, many modern fungicides have been classified
as single-site, and hence, have been deemed as higher in risk for
problems of resistance. It should be noted that resistance of
fungicides to snow mold diseases is a rare threat, and it is unlikely
that any turf manager will ever encounter resistance to any pest
control product at any time throughout his/her careers.

The CGSA attempt to “save” quintozene

Incredibly, Canadian Golf Superintendents Association (CGSA) has
petitioned the Pest Management Regulatory Agency of Health Canada
(PMRA) concerning the future of quintozene in the marketplace. The next
three paragraphs are excerpts from the CGSA request on March 23, 2009:

“(…) the snow mould application is the most costly of all
applications made during the season. Therefore, it is imperative that
golf course superintendents have reliable and cost-effective options
available. The quintozene-based products provide consistent disease
control at prices that are significantly more cost effective than
alternative chemistries currently registered for snow mould. The loss
of quintozene will significantly limit the ability of some golf courses
to adequately protect their courses from this disease.”

“Although there are alternative fungicides available to golf
superintendents for snow mould control, quintozene is a major tool in a
resistance management program. Quintozene is one of only a few contact
fungicides and has a multi-site mode of action. Most of the newer
fungicides have a single site mode of action. If quintozene is no
longer available, these single site products will have to be used more
often. This will cause a significant increase in the risk of resistance
occurring.”

“The loss of quintozene would have dramatic financial and agronomic
impacts on golf courses across Canada. The CGSA respectfully requests
that, as part of the re-evaluation process, the PMRA give consideration
to the value of quintozene within the turf industry and to the
continuation of its availability to the golf course sector.”

Putting fungicide use into perspective

Critics of quintozene may have failed to take into account the
affordability issue, which is of great concern to the golf industry,
with ever-tightening budgets and flat or decreasing revenues. However,
it must be noted that fungicide usage represents less than 10 per cent
of a golf course maintenance budget, whereas employee remuneration and
fertilizers may be as high as 80 per cent of the budget. It can be
argued that efforts to tighten the golf course budget can be more
effectively focused on manpower and nutrients.

It should also be noted that in those Canadian regions that are
severely prone to the development of fusarium patch disease (a  form of
snow mold), particularly in the Pacific Northwest, quintozene is the
product of choice—in granular form. The dependence of the golf industry
on this formulation is a direct result of the refusal of many turf
managers to purchase and operate modern spray application equipment.
Virtually all fungicides available for the control of fusarium patch
must be applied with a sprayer. Granular quintozene is applied with
mere rotary or drop spreaders. The loss of quintozene will likely
represent an opportunity for many turf managers to now use modern 21st
century application equipment with modern 21st century products.

The U.S. decision concerning quintozene

In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
concluded that the risks when using quintozene were substantial from an
environmental standpoint. The Pest Management Regulatory Agency of
Health Canada (PMRA) has also expressed concerns about quintozene. The
major concerns cited are (the italicized emphasis is our own)…
• quintozene is persistent in the environment, with aerobic and an
anaerobic soil metabolism half-life of 189 and 30 days, respectively.
• quintozene bioaccumulates in the aquatic food chain. It persists in
the environment (half–life in soil of greater than 60 days),
accumulates in human and other species (bioconcentration factor greater
than 1,000 days), and is toxic to fish and invertebrates on acute
exposure basis.
• quintozene is highly volatile and can be carried by long-range
atmospheric transport. Residues have been detected in regions where the
product was never used, such as Saskatchewan.
• quintozene is immobile in most soils, but potentially able to
partition to organic matter in the soils and move to surface water
through erosion. Therefore, the surface water was found more likely to
be contaminated.
The EPA concluded recently that the re-registration of quintozene was
acceptable provided that all turf uses were terminated. It is very
likely that the Pest Management Regulatory Agency of Health Canada
(PMRA) will follow with the same decision, by prohibiting the sale of
quintozene beyond 2010, and prohibiting the use of quintozene beyond
2011. However, Canadian Golf Superintendents Association (CGSA) has
expressed a strong desire to change this outcome.

The CGSA should do something else with its time

In view of the many questions concerning the safety of quintozene, to
both the environment and desirable turfgrasses, it would seem
preferable that Canadian Golf Superintendents Association withdraw its
petition in support of quintozene. Critics of this defence of
quintozene have pointed out that the CGSA should devote its energies to
more serious issues concerning pest control products, such as the
imminent threat of a nationwide prohibition and the predictable loss of
its exception status. Moreover, by defending a product associated with
serious health, environmental, and turf phyto-toxicity issues, the CGSA
has weakened its credibility as a public affairs spokesman for the golf
industry.

So. Why has CGSA implemented a doomed operation to save quintozene? Perhaps it is trying to “Wag the Dog.”

Wag the dog with quintozene

The interest of Canadian Golf Superintendents Association in saving
quintozene may be seen as an example of a trade association performing
what is called “Wag the Dog.”

“Wag the Dog” is best known as a 1997 film starring Robert De Niro and
Dustin Hoffman. It is based upon the novel “American Hero.” It is the
story of a group of people who attempt to distract the U.S. electorate
from a presidential sex scandal by hiring a Hollywood producer to
fabricate a fake war with Albania. An event was created in order to
take political pressure away from a scandal.

Real life recent political situations of “Wag the Dog” include the four following examples:
• Premiers of Quebec and Referendums for Separation, which were used to distract the electorate from problems with the economy.
• President Bill Clinton and the NATO bombing of Kosovo, which was used
to distract the electorate from his sex scandal with Monica Lewinski.
• President George H. W. Bush and Operation Desert Storm.
• President Jimmy Carter and Operation Eagle Claw, which was used to distract the electorate from his weaknesses as president.

To implement a doomed operation to save quintozene is a means of
diverting negative attention away from the more serious and complex
issues surrounding the prohibition of pest control products across
Canada. We will let the reader decide if this is true, or not.

Concluding thoughts regarding prohibitions in other nations

If a chemical can be prohibited in Kuwait and Belize, why can’t it be
prohibited in Canada? The environmental movement will argue that these
nations are “ innovative world leaders.” If they can do it, why can’t
Canada?
The golf industry can argue back that, under the provisions of the 2004
Pest Control Products Act, a special review of a particular chemical
can also be ordered if all of its uses have been prohibited in other
countries.
If a chemical can be prohibited in Kuwait and Belize, why can’t members
of the environmental movement simply move to these wonderful countries?
No comment. The reader can figure out our answer. (Deport them all!)

Authors’ note

Information presented here has been developed for the education and entertainment of turf managers.
The events, characters, companies, and organizations, depicted in this
article are not always fictitious. Any similarity to actual persons,
living or dead, may not be coincidental.

About the principal author

William H. Gathercole has been following the evolution of environmental
terrorism for more than a quarter-century. He holds a degree in
horticulture from the University of Guelph, and another pure and
applied science degree from McGill University.

He has worked in virtually all aspects of the green space industry,
including public relations and environmental safety. Mr. Gathercole has
been a consultant and instructor for decades. He is a contributing
columnist for Turf & Recreation.

Personal note and disclaimer

In sickness or in health, with the help of his entourage, we still hope
to keep all of our readers entertained and informed. Bill continues to
recover from his serious motor vehicle accident.
In order to complete this particular article, it has been co-authored
with Norah G. Well-wishers may send a personal note to Bill by way of
this magazine, or by whg007@gmail.com. 
By the way, the opinions expressed in this article, even though from an
independent perspective, may not reflect those of Turf & Recreation.

References

Although every item found within this article has been carefully
researched, there is no exhaustive list of references since this is not
a scientific journal.

Besides, the sheer number of references and documents that were used to
support this article are far too numerous to list within the confines
of this magazine. However, the authors will provide references to any
reader who requests them. Please send your request to whg007@gmail.com.